Chapter 22 Summary

Twentieth century witnessed the demise of many empires.
Collapse of Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires after WW1. Remaking of Russia into USSR.
U.S presence in Latin America was beginning to be questioned by nationalist governments.
Increasingly democratic ideals of the west threatened dictatorial nature of colonial rule.
World wars weakened Europe, discrediting any sense of European superiority.
Second and third generation of colonial elites had arisen in many countries.
Growing numbers of ordinary people were receptive of goal of liberation from colonialism.
Colonial rulers were planning for a new political relationship with their Asian and African subjects.
Writings of reforms, constitutions, elections was being planned by some of colonial rulers.
New leaders as independence dawned were Gandhi and Nehru, Sukarno and Ho Chi Minh.
Nationalist local leaders were preparing to pressure those who have dominated them.
Many local people joined guerrilla movements in Algeria, Kenya, Mozambique and Zimbabwe.
Vietnam's anti-colonial struggle began in 1900s, but achieved full independence in 1970s.
In West Africa nationalists only relied on demonstrations, strikes, mass mobilization to win.
Many in India and Islamic world saw independence through prism of their religions.
Nationalist movements lead by communists in Vietnam sought social transformation.
Indians did not view themselves as united before XX century. Many peoples saw themselves in India through their own cultural identities that existed before hand. Family, castle, language, region, tribe.
British did not integrate their own cultural practices into Indian society.
Railroads, telegraph lines, services and schools bound India's many regions together.
Indian National Congress was established in the year 1885.
British promised Indians during WWI an improvement in self-governing institutions.
Mohandas Gandhi arrived at the Indian political scene.
Gandhi believed in a confrontational, though nonviolent, approach to political action.
Gandhi sought moral transformation of the individuals.
India became independent in 1947, but was divided into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan.