Chapter 13 Summary

World population more than doubled between 1400 and 1800.
Even though globalization of disease caused a global catastrophe however at same time.
Kings ruled most of Europe and male landowning aristocrats remained at the top of society.
Three centuries between 1450 and 1750 marked the modern era than continuing older civilizations.
Fortunes of Islam were now revived by the growing and relatively young Ottoman Empire.
Europeans were prominent on the world stage but did not hold always the leading role.
European Empires in the Americas have acquired a central role in world history.
Spanish Empire focused on construction and development in Caribbean and in South America.
Portuguese have established their holdings along the coasts of Brazil.
European countries such as Spain, Portugal, Britain and France turned out to be closer to Americas.
Alternating Monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean made traveling difficult.
European countries needed a larger base to support their economic expansion.
European states and trading companies enabled effective mobilization of human and material resources. They could cross the Atlantic, ironworking, gunpowder and horses were important.
Divisions in local societies gave Europeans allies. Part of Inca elite saw Spanish as liberators.
Native Americans lacked the immunity and domestic animals to fight smallpox and influenza.
The great dying of natives created an acute labor shortage and made room for immigrant newcomers.
Various combinations of indigenous, European and African peoples created new societies.
Horses, pigs, cattle, goats, sheep made ranching economies and cowboy culture.
American food stamps such as corn, potatoes and cassava spread widely in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Societies developed in American colonies drove the process of globalization.
Tea from China and coffee from Islamic world spread globally.
Triangular trading system between America, Europe and the Americas was founded.
Wealth of the colonies was precious metals, natural resources, new food crops, slave labor.
Spanish, Portuguese, British and French colonial empires developed mercantilism.
Spanish conquest of Aztec and Inca empires in early sixteenth century gave Spain access to most complex societies. Racial mixing in Spanish colonies also took place quite often.
Qing Empire had made China into a modern empire.